The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill - 1718 Words

The Exxon Valdez A corporation has a moral duty to ensure that their products and operations do not cause harm to society and the environment. There are significant factors that must be taken into consideration to ensure the proper response is put forth if disaster rears its ugly head. Many times, when disaster strikes, companies do not always make the appropriate response, or they do not remediate the problem efficiently enough to maximize their efforts. The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 is a prime example of this. The Exxon Valdez oil spill pales in comparison only to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. (NOAA) In 1870 John D. Rockefeller was involved in the birthing of Standard Oil Company which was then broken down into 33†¦show more content†¦(Lauter) At the helm of the ship was the ship’s third mate, Gregory Cousins. Although Cousins was not found to have any inebriating substances in his system, he did not possess the proper license to operate the large vessel. Many local, s tate, federal, and private agencies assisted in the cleanup efforts. (NOAA) This would prove to be a daunting task considering a lack of prior experience with dealing with a disaster of this magnitude. Although NOAA scientists arrived within hours to survey the damage and help to facilitate the most beneficial and efficient clean-up effort that could be put forth, this was unchartered territory. Eventually it took three years in an attempt to effectively clean up the crude oil. It was not until Exxon realized that they could not effectively contain the oil spill that they began to focus on areas prioritized by ecological contents and the need to protect them. In 1992, the U.S. Coast Guard declared the clean-up officially complete. (Exxon Mobil) Although deemed complete, the environment would suffer for decades to come with permanent damage as it will never fully return to its former glory. The company was federally indicted in February of 1990, resulting in the oil giant pleading guilty to one charge and paying a fine of $100 million dollars, however, this was simply the criminal case. The amount of civil cases was staggering and Exxon was ordered to pay $5 billion in punitive damages. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1090 Words   |  5 PagesThis presentation features the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which significantly affected the environment in and around Vald ez, Alaska. In this connection, Group D will explore: the background information of Prince William Sound, the oil business in Valdez and the event of the oil spill. Next, the team defines the problems – that is, the effects of the spill – what damage did it cause. After, we will diagnose the issues – meaning that the group intends to pinpoint the root causes of the problems. The nextRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest oil spill in U.S history. It was a catastrophic disaster that the U.S swore to learn from. Twenty two years later as the prevention procedures became complacent, the Deepwater Horizon explosion made us re-examine our procedures as a nation. The Deepwater Horizon explosion is now the second worst oil spill in the world following the Gulf War Oil Spill in Kuwait in 1991. The U.S used similar techniques to clean the water as the Exxon Valdez clean up, howeverRead MoreThe Exxon Valde z Oil Spill1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe Exxon-Valdez oil spill occurred on March 24, 1989, when the tanker Exxon Valdez, transporting oil from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on the Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The root cause of the accident was the captain. After passing through Valdez Narrows, pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. It was Captain Hazelwood who made the decision to steer the ship off its normal path in order to avoid a run in with ice. ForRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1581 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the instances of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, the Kuwait Oil Fires, the Hurricane Katrina devastation and the Sydney Tar Ponds, this paper will develop an argument supporting the idea that governments should be given the responsibility to handle environmental hazards that result from the prior use of resources as well as environmental regulations that are no longer up to standard. Arguments/Examples I. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill To begin, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill was a man-made environmentalRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez Oil Spill1999 Words   |  8 PagesPart 1 – Briefly describe the Exxon Valdez oil spill: On March 24th 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Prince William Sound Alaska, spilling roughly 10.8 gallons of crude oil polluting over a thousand miles of Alaska’s coast (Gerken, 2014). At its time, it was the worst oil spill in history, lasting for several days. It was caused by the negligence of the captain who was reportedly intoxicated at the time. The oil was very quickly dispersed over a wide area of land because of extremeRead More Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pages Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ABSTRACT nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In March of 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. An eighteen foot wide hole was ripped into the hull, and 10.9 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the ocean. In the following weeks, many things transpired. This paper will discuss the cleanup, the damage, and the results of the biggest oil spill in United States history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On March 24, 1989, inRead MoreExxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesExxon Valdez Oil Spill ABSTRACT In March of 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. An eighteen foot wide hole was ripped into the hull, and 10.9 million gallons of crude oil spilled into the ocean. In the following weeks, many things transpired. This paper will discuss the cleanup, the damage, and the results of the biggest oil spill in United States history. On March 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound Alaska, the Exxon Valdez was movingRead MoreThe Exxon Valdez And Bp Oil Spill1309 Words   |  6 PagesPitchon 12/11/12 References Gill, Duane A., J. Steven Picou, and Liesel A. Ritchie. The Exxon Valdez and BP oil spills: a Comparison of Initial Social and Psychological Impacts. American Behavioral Scientist (2011): 3-23. This article was concerned in identifying psychological impact of disasters. The article analyzed the psychological effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and the 2010 BP oil spill. The article discussed how years after these disasters the environment and the people feltRead MoreAnalysis of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesMahalia Gauld January 18, 2011 MGMT 2850 Case Study #1- Exxon Valdez Situation in Brief: On March 24, 1989, an Exxon supertanker spilled 11 million gallons of oil while traveling through the pristine waters of Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The consequences of this spill were detrimental and continue to affect life today. The oil spill killed thousands of wildlife, extensively damaged a portion of the beautiful Alaskan environment, and eventually affected the economy to global proportionsRead More Business Ethics and the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Essay3442 Words   |  14 Pagesunderstand the difference between right and wrong. Since businesses touch such a large segment of our society, codes of ethics must be established and followed to protect the general public. In the following pages we will discuss the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster and examine how it relates to (1) the state of business ethics since 2000, (2) examples of the classic schools of ethics - golden rule, golden mean, utilitarianism, and categorical imperative, (3) three challenges journa list face

Marriage Success and The Psychology Behind It - 1235 Words

Marriage Success and the Psychology behind it What are the effects of 1) parental marriage status and 2) attitudes towards marriage, on marriage success? SPECIFIC AIMS By analyzing an individual’s parental marital status and through observing individuals in the course of adolescent dating and/or young adult marriage, one can measure the attitudes and expectations concerning marriage. Young adults who have either came from a home of divorced parents or an intact family will affect the attitude toward marital relationships and the value of them. Whether the young adult has positive or negative outlook of marriage is strongly correlated with family they come from. Individuals with positive attitudes about marriage that have†¦show more content†¦RESEARCH STRATEGY a. Significance Parental divorce and family conflicts during adolescence bear a great deal of influence on the quality of early adult marriages. This relationship the child has with their parents and whether they lived in a divorced or intact home has importance correlated to the value of marital relationships of early adulthood. There is a correlation between family conflict and early adolescent dating. Exchange Theory calculates that individuals who embrace attitudes that are leaning toward divorce are less likely to try and save their marriage. On the other hand, the cognitive dissonance theory calculates that individuals who are involved in the diminishing of the satisfaction of marriage, embrace attitudes leaning toward divorce as they decide whether to leave the marriage. Data provide stronger support for the exchange theory hypothesis. (Rogers, Stacy J., Amato, Paul R. 1999). Embracing other attitudes toward divorce reflects the undermining of the satisfaction and value of ma rriage in the stretch of things. Individuals who come from home of divorced parents have a greater complex view of marriage. These individuals cherished marital relationships however they are cognizant of its confines and are open-minded to the alternatives of marital relationships.Show MoreRelatedSocial Psychology Psy 400757 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Psychology Dawn S. Peck PSY 400 12/22/2014 David Brueshoff Social Psychology What is Social Psychology all about? Why is the study of it so important? Is there truly a purpose and benefit from the findings of the studies? Let’s look at each of these questions, break them down, and try to make sense of it all. Simply defined, Social Psychology is the scientific study of individual attitude and how it effects or influences others in a social context. It is helpfulRead MoreOlive Bryne Character Analysis1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Multiple Roles of Olive Bryne Jill Lepore’s novel, The Secret History of Wonder Woman, exposes the birth of Wonder Woman and her creator, William Marston. For obtaining a PhD in psychology, it is shocking that Marston struggled to hold a job. He carried various jobs, but he spent a majority of his time creating and promoting his lie detector. At home, Marston was married to Sadie Holloway; however, Olive Bryne also lived in their house as a caretaker and mistress. Bryne met Marston at Tuft’sRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of I Had Failed On An Epic Scale 1625 Words   |  7 Pageshouse and onto the streets with nothing more than her young daughter Jessica and the desire to create a better life for the two. In her words this was truly the darkest time in her life, I had failed on an epic scale, an exceptionally short-lived marriage had imploded... and the fears of my parents and those I d have for myself, had both come to pass. By every usual standard I was the biggest failure I knew. It was followi ng this traumatic event that J.K Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depressionRead MoreWhat I Have Learned From Law Enforcement941 Words   |  4 Pagesof a consulting psychologist. Law enforcement had always been my career direction and was the driving force behind my master’s program choice, Forensic Psychology. However, something occurred during my program. I found myself more intrigued with psychology and how its principles can positively affect an organization more than law enforcement. As I began my career in business psychology with this doctoral program, I desire to not forget what I have learned from law enforcement. I have longedRead MoreRecent Political Advances in LGBT1741 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressed tremendously since the countrys first known gay rights organization was formed in 1924. In fact, 14 states currently recognize same-sex marriages, and other states like Illinois will soon follow the same path (NCSL, 2013). LGBT rights were also championed at the national level with the repeal of DOMA. However, social progress often lags behind political reforms: while numerous states and the country as a whole are slowly accepting the LGBT community, laws do not necessarily guarantee socialRead MoreComparing Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered Psychology1735 Words   |  7 PagesPerson-Centered Psychology The counseling profession has a broad spectrum of possibilities when it comes to choosing which psychological approach to take. The field of counseling takes many forms and offers many career options, from school counseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered Psychology, will beRead MorePsychodynamic Psychotherapy And Person Centered Psychology Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological approach to take. The field of counseling takes many forms and offers many career options, from school counseling to marriage and family therapy. As there are numerous styles in existence, it is important to be aware of the many approaches available to take. For my research two psychological approaches, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Person-Centered Psychology, will be critically analyzed and discu ssed in depth in order to compare the techniques as well as effectiveness of each. FoundationRead MoreVanessa Miller. Ms. Milliner. Ees21Qh-05. January, 2017.1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstay positive and believe that you can accomplish your goals, even when you feel like you can’t overcome the obstacles you face. Grit is what allows you to do that until you achieve success. It’s what keeps you determined to stay positive and gives you the stamina to endure the obstacles for as long as achieving success takes. Mindset and grit are two of the themes portrayed in the play Othello by William Shakespeare. These traits are displayed in some of the play’s characters such as: Iago, OthelloRead MoreI Attended Ucla s First Production Of Carousel On A Friday Night At The Freud1036 Words   |  5 Pagestwo talents of Rodgers and Hammerstein. Prior to Carousel, the two had found success in various shows independently including shows like The Boys From Syracuse, Pal Joey, and Show Boat. After a falling out between Rodgers and his previous writing partner Hart due to alcoholism, Rodgers approached Hammerstein for opportunity to create new work together (Columbia). On March 31st 1943 Rodgers and Hammerstein found major success with the hit musical, Oklahoma! (Hauser). The musical was the duo’s first stepRead MoreHarry Harlow1124 Words   |  5 Pages12 months of isolation almost obliterated the animals socially †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harlow tried to reintegrate the monkeys who had been isolated for six months by placing them with monkeys who had been raised normally. The rehabilitation attempts met with limited success. Harlow wrote that total social isolation for the first six months of life produced severe deficits in virtually every aspect of social behavior. Isolates exposed to monkeys the same age who were reared normally achieved only limited recovery of

Power of Six Book Report Free Essays

John is superhuman. He has several superpowers, including telekinesis and immunity to fire. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Power of Six Book Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now John is brave. Despite being hunted by an entire race of aliens, he trains hard and never loses hope. 3. John is caring. He shows that he cares about how Sam and Six feel, and always puts them first. 4. John is determined. When training with Sam and Six, he is often bested in fighting by Six. This is hard for him, as she is a girl, and there are some stereotypes floating in his head, but he still always gets up to go again. 5. John is impulsive. He often acts without thinking out of either anger or want. For example, when the leader of the Microorganism arrived on Earth, he walked straight into an energy force field after him, knocking himself out. Conflict sec 3 Internal Conflict – John loves Sarah, but he also likes Six, and is always around her that creates a tension between John and Six, which often tantalizing him to make a move on her. I chose this for the internal conflict because it is a classic love triangle, and brings a key emotional side to the story. , which is key to the story. External Conflict – A major external conflict in this Tory is when 10 – 20 Microorganism attack John, Six and Sam. They burn their house down, attack and try to kill them and attempt to steal the chest that has John’s inheritance in it. I chose this as a main external conflict because it is the first real external conflict. It also shows not only the power of the Microorganism, but also how quickly and effectively they can find John and the other Lori as they only lived at that house a few days and it was miles from any other civilization. Genre sec 4 This story is science fiction. It is sic-if because, first, there are two alien races involved: the Loire and the Microorganism. Also, there is some futuristic technology such as shuttles that can complete cross-galaxy trips, and weapons that shoot balls of energy, rather than bullets. Theme statement sec 6 Don’t Judge a book by its cover. Work hard and you can do great things. Plot map Exposition Six reveals her past, and how she was captured and detained by Microorganism. Rising Action John and Six and Sam are attacked in Florida. John, Six and Sam go back to Paradise and are caught by the FBI. Six helps John and Sam break out of prison after FBI capture. Ella finds Marina’s chest, and Marina pens it. Crayon reveals himself as not Macedonian, but Lori. Climax John and Sam go to the hive, find the chest and find Nine. Falling Action Six saves Marina when Macedonian army attacks. The leader of the Macedonian race, Strauss Ra, arrives on Earth. Resolution Crayon decides that Six and Martina and Ella must go after the other Lori and unite them. Background The series starts when the planet Lories is invaded by the evil Nonagenarians. In Loris’s final hour, its inhabitants, the Lori, send nine children and their guardians to Earth on a large spaceship. Each carries a locked chest that contains their inheritance. This chest is vital to their survival. They are numbered 1-9, their number will often be substituted for their name. A charm is put on them so that they can only be killed in the order of their numbers. 1 through 3 are killed. The main character, John –who is number 4 and up next to be hunted lives in Paradise, Ohio, but is found by the Microorganism, and his guardian is killed. However, he meets number Six and they travel together along with John’s human friend, Sam. The Power of Six begins at this point. How to cite Power of Six Book Report, Papers

The Impact of the American Industrial Revolution free essay sample

Homes were simple shanty-houses, with poor insulation and structure; waste was not pumped to sewage, but rather thrown in the street; children were allowed to play outside in the streets, next to dead horse carcasses. [1] Politics of cities and urban areas were often run by corrupt politicians, or political machines, which were influenced by large businesses, corporations, or single parties. Social groups were also in turmoil, causing outbreaks of violence and destruction. The dissatisfaction with the economic conditions in factories also caused a number of riots and strikes, which needed to be dealt with. Thus, problems were amassing, and the government needed ways in which to deal with them. [2] As an answer to this plea for help, a new political ideology known as â€Å"progressivism† was born, and grew from the Industrial Revolution. At this time of unprecedented and wild outgrowth of industry, progressives believed that society was able to overcome the obstacles set before them, in the form of child labor, fair wages, class structure, political machines, etc. However, progressivism was not the only ideology that grew from the bosom of the Revolution. The rapid industrialization of the East called for the influx of raw materials, and workers. To answer that call, the United States adopted a foreign policy of imperialism, or the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. The adoption of this policy marked the beginning of the United State’s crusade to acquire more land. After several conflicts, and excursions, Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and several other territories were put under U. S. control. The Industrial Revolution is most well-known for its obvious effect on the growth of the United States economy, but it, in fact, had a more profound effect than simply nurturing the economy. Historically, the Industrial Revolution caused the single greatest change to the economic structure of the United States. As various industries and departments of the economy sprouted across the nation, the business of each usually fell into the lap of one corporation, or company. With one company, or corporation receiving all the business in a certain field, a monopoly formed for that company, and the owners of such companies became unfathomably wealthy. Thus, the â€Å"rise of the wealthy† began, with such people as John D. Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, and Collis R. Huntington ruling their respective fields, holding complete control of every aspect of that business, including wages, employee base, and competition. 2 At the same time, these great men’s employees began becoming poorer. With millions of immigrants and countryman flocking to cities and factories for work, wages could be set extremely low due to job competition. In turn, a new â€Å"poor† class emerged from the Industrial Revolution. This new class, known as the â€Å"Have-Nots† will struggle often during the Industrial Revolution, until progressives work to improve conditions for the workers of factories. The Industrial Revolution also caused a â€Å"revolution† for lower classes in respect to the affordable and availability of certain goods. Because of the invention of the assembly line, interchangeable parts, and cheaper labor wages, products such as automobiles, furniture, and â€Å"luxuries,† as they would have been called before the Revolution, were finally affordable for families of lower economic class. Henry Ford, the great automobile manufacturer, proclaimed in 1903 that â€Å"[he] will build a car for the great multitude. † He succeeded, and was producing the Model T for $950, allowing the car to evolve from a luxury item, reserved only for the well-to-do, to an essential item for the ordinary worker. [3] This evolution, along with many other items, transformed the economic lifestyle of the lower classes during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution, and the centuries following it, faced much social tumult, strife, and change. The Industrial Revolution itself embodied and was testament to the growing ideology of â€Å"social Darwinism† and â€Å"survival of the fittest. † The belief that only the strong and driven should be awarded for their work appealed to the many successful business tycoons of the era, but was often a point of contention for society as a whole. Much of the population, who did not share in the great new wealth of the Revolution, fought against the ideal, and offered alternative visions and beliefs. It was at this time that â€Å"socialism† gained ground in the United States, and grew into political and economic machines. The teachings of communism and socialism, which sprouted from Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto, paved the way for socialism, and called for the removal of â€Å"bourgeoisie,† or the extremely wealthy, ruling economic class. Such ideas fed the socialist fires in America, but the teachings would have no real effect until the rise of Communism in Europe in the mid-20th century. [4] The Industrial Revolution also caused social change on the ethnic and racial scale as well. Due to the high rates of immigration to cities from various countries around the world, communities of each ethnicity, nationality, or race formed in the cities, creating close-knit neighborhoods. In any given city, there could be a community for African-Americans, Irish, Scottish, British, Scandinavians, Japanese, Chinese, Italians, Jews, etc. This had numerous effects on the social complexion of the United States. Sometimes, the results of having such communities was positive, like the economic and cultural support that the communities provided to the immigrants who were thousands of miles from their native lands. However, the communities did not come without their issues. Often times, conflict broke out between rivaling communities, over the issue of nationality, race, ethnicity, or religion. These disputes often transitioned into competition for jobs and work, which lasting effects on the survival of families and communities. [5] Everything aside, the Industrial Revolution helped guide the United States to the gilded age of the â€Å"melting pot,† or â€Å"Chef Salad. † The gilded age of America, brought on by the Industrial Revolution, caused the single greatest transformation of American life, politically, economically, and socially. The growth the revolution brought matured the nation’s politics, and caused a great shift in the focus of the nation’s government, and the general involvement of the federal government in state and local governments. The economy, obviously, grew into the most well-renowned in the world during the time of the Industrial Revolution, and secured the United States role in the changing world as one of the great leaders and powers. The Revolution also brought upon great social change in America, a result of the Great Immigration, an event that ensued the Industrial Revolution. These changes, although perhaps not perceived as such, would drastically change the course and structure of the United States for the next several centuries, and become a basis for the great nation as it continued to grow, and mature throughout history. Bibliography Bellis, Mary. Henry Ford. About. com. Accessed March 12, 2013. http://inventors. about. com/od/fstartinventors/a/HenryFord. htm. Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Cowling, Mark, and Karl Marx. The Communist Manifesto: New Interpretations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. Accessed March 12, 2013. http://books. google. com/books? id=qQ2mcMWkwnsCpg=PA82lpg=PA82dq=communist+manifesto+quote+about+industrial+revolutionsource=blots=rrV4iIfTuhsig=wZ0Q0msUzI3JpOCeq2nFdVbAmqchl=ensa=Xei=9fk_UbzyOaHj4APcnIDYAQved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=communist%20manifesto%20quote%20about%20industrial%20revolutionf=false. Mack, Pamela E. Social Impacts of the Industrial Revolution. Clemson. edu. Last modified September 3, 2012. Accessed March 12, 2013. http://www. clemson. edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/PamMack/lec122sts/hobsbawm4. html. Watson, Archibald R. , ed. The City of New York Law Department Report. New York City, NY: Lecouver Printing Company, 1910. Accessed March 12, 2013. [1]  Archibald R. Watson, ed. ,  The City of New York Law Department Report(New York City, NY: Lecouver Printing Company, 1910)], accessed March 12, 2013. 2] Alan Brinkley,  The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010) 2 Alan Brinkley,  The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010) [3] Mary Bellis, Henry Ford, About. com, accessed March 12, 2013, http://inventors. about. com/od/fstartinventors/a/HenryFord. htm. [4] Mark Cowling and Karl Marx,  The Communist Manifesto: New Interpretations  (Edinbur gh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998),  [Page #], accessed March 12, 2013, http://books. oogle. com/books? id=qQ2mcMWkwnsCpg=PA82lpg=PA82dq=communist+manifesto+quote+about+industrial+revolutionsource=blots=rrV4iIfTuhsig=wZ0Q0msUzI3JpOCeq2nFdVbAmqchl=ensa=Xei=9fk_UbzyOaHj4APcnIDYAQved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=communist%20manifesto%20quote%20about%20industrial%20revolutionf=false. [5]Pamela E. Mack, Social Impacts of the Industrial Revolution, Clemson. edu, last modified September 3, 2012, accessed March 12, 2013, http://www. clemson. edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/PamMack/lec122sts/hobsbawm4. html

The Global Feedbacks of Greenhouse

Who is the Greatest Sinner in essays

Who is the Greatest Sinner in essays Who is the Greatest Sinner in The Scarlet Letter? There are many sins committed in the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorn, including many counts of adultery, witchcraft, and hatred. Despite the others wrongdoing, one person stands out. Chillingworth is the greatest sinner in the novel. Websters defines sin as the "neglect of the laws of morality and religion." The basis for the argument for the two other sinners in the book thrives off of their adultery. The reason these two cannot be called the greatest sinners is because they admitted and repented their sins. The Bible, the holy book the Puritans studied, told that if they repent their transgression, they will be forgiven. Both Dimmesdale and Hester admitted their sins to the community and more importantly to their God. During their mortal lives, Hester is punished her entire life with the letter and Dimmesdale punishes himself by depriving himself of treatment and nourishment. The sinner in the book who never prays to his Lord for forgiveness should stand out as the greatest sinner. The sins committed by Mr. Chillingworth include his utter need for revenge. He is absolutely evil. He seems to torture poor Dimmesdale while he lives with him. He taunts him when he speaks of some leaves he found near a gra ve; "They grew out of his heart, and typify it may be, some hideous secret that was buried with him, and which he had done better to confess during his lifetime.(pg131)" When he realizes that Dimmesdale is the adulterer that hes been looking for, his face is twisted with joy and pure evil. Hawthorne describes the reaction of Chillingworth after he sees the mark; "Riotously manifest by the extravagant gestures with which he threw up his arms towards the ceiling, and stamped his foot upon the floor! Had a man seen old Roger Chillingworth, at that moment of his ecstasy, he would have had no need to ask how Satan comports himself, w...

Reflections of what happened in early childhood center of early Essay - 3

Reflections of what happened in early childhood center of early childhood education in NZ - Essay Example Reflections of what happened in early childhood center of early childhood education in NZ He flipped through his own portfolio and when he found what he was searching for, he called out â€Å"Sydney!† Finally I got what he said. He was trying to tell me that he drew a picture of his sister Sydney and was saying that she is tall. Analyse It takes a lot of patience trying to understand what a young child is trying to communicate because their language skills are not yet developed. Hence, their pronunciation of words may still be unclear. Failing to understand what a child is trying to say may sometimes make them frustrated and altogether stop attempting to communicate. I was so conscious of this when I was talking to L and was worried that my inability to understand him might result in negative consequences. I am aware that patience and sensitivity are important professional responsibilities for a qualified teacher to have to support the development of children’s language and communication skills. Theories In the Teachers’ Council Fit to be a Teacher cr iteria, there is an item that applied to the anecdote I just had with L. A teacher will interact with learners (students),and should at all times maintain high standards of sensitivity and compassion, to recognise and respect others as individuals and to care for the learning of those who are disadvantaged and those with learning difficulties (The Teachers Council "Fit to be a teacher" criteria )  ) Children use language for many purposes (Otto, 2010) such as telling stories that may be real from their own experiences, or contrived from their imaginations; directing stories; expressing pride; obtaining help when needed; sharing experiences in varied social settings; and developing conversational skills. However, teachers should be more patient with toddlers who are still developing their language skills and may have difficulty in doing so. Dismissing them from their attempts at communication will discourage them from trying again, but showing encouragement by giving one’s full attention will motivate them to find more ways to communicate their id eas. It is essential that toddlers get to be engaged in conversations no matter how little they may say. Piaget and Vygotsky, key people in the study of language and thought, believe that development will not take place unless children engage in rich, meaningful conversations with others. In doing so, they internalize language to more complex thinking (Neuman & Roskos, 1993). Act I have to always keep in mind that every child has the right to be heard. With toddlers who are in the process of developing their language skills and identities, they need more patience in being understood. I will encourage them to speak by giving them my full attention, looking for non-verbal cues to help me understand what they are trying to communicate. When they are successful in expressing their ideas, I shall gladly praise them to show that their attempt at communication was appreciated and considered a success, worthy to be celebrated. References Neuman, S. B., & Roskos, K. A. (1993) Language and li teracy learning in the early years: An integrated approach, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Fort Worth, TX, pp. 27-31, 34-61. Otto, B. (2010). Language development in early childhood (3rd edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. The Teachers Council "Fit to be a teacher" criteria, Retrieved on May 20, 2011 from http://kiyaana.co.nz/Teachers%20Council%20Fit%20to%20be%20a%2

The business cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The business cycle - Research Paper Example It can thus be said that if the economy is at a high rate of unemployment the fiscal as well as the monetary policy of the economy will react to adjust the rate of unemployment .According to Slutsky the stochastic shocks can be viewed as the sole reason for creating business cycles. But the spectral analysis has confirmed that business cycle exists at a level of statistical significance which is acceptable. Apart from the Keynesian view there are many other schools of economy that explains the business cycle. However in the recent times the economic theories follow the trend of economic fluctuations rather than business cycle. As per the changes in the direction of the economic activities the business cycles are dated. As long as the economy is at the full level of employment there occurs no fluctuation. However whenever the economy responds to changes in any of the economic variables the business cycle starts. One of the possible causes of a boom and a recession in an economy is the monetary policy. Such a description for the cause of business cycle goes back to the Keynesian and new Keynesian views which states that nominal rigidities are the reason behind such cycles. On the other hand the classical economics theory believes that the modern economy is too flexible and the so the changes in the spending pattern does not affect the employment and the real output (Romer.2008) These business cycles are measured by the rate of growth of the GDP. However the NBER gives little importance to the GDP as it is subjected to frequent revision .It rather relies on the employment, personal income and industrial production as the indicators. There are basically five stages in a business cycle which are 1.Expansion 2. Peak 3.Recession 4.Trough 5.Recovery.These business cycles are highly irregular and they heavily vary in terms of magnitude, frequency and

Decartes' Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decartes' Argument - Essay Example We look at and feel the objects around us with our senses- thus our senses are the gateway to understand the phenomena of the world. However, our senses and perceptions are defined in different ways. Sometimes we do not feel the same way about certain things at different times. As we grow from our infancy to adulthood and beyond, our perceptions change with time, our experiences, and learning. Therefore, we cannot depend upon our senses to comprehend or understand the nature of objects or the world itself. Our senses give us a limited knowledge about other objects or ourselves. For instance, we can sense or feel physical or emotional pain through our senses; yet we cannot ascertain the duration of pain from our previous experiences. This is an everyday example that manifests the limitation of trusting our senses. Descartes argued that passion led by reason can be trusted to a greater extent. This is because with each new experience, we learn something new about the way we perceive the world with our senses. If our reasoning faculty is in charge of our senses, we can broaden the areas where we can trust our senses. The claim is that if, in any particular case, the teachings of nature were untrustworthy, then the veracious God would have given us the means to correct it... we can ... trust the teachings of nature and believe that our sensations proceed from bodies, in spite of the fact that our inclinations are not always trustworthy. But, when another faculty, reason, of course, gives us the means to correct the teachings of nature, then they must be rejected... In the end, Descartes uses sensation to establish the existence of bodies, he is very careful to claim that sensation, by itself, does not establish the nature of bodies. (Rorty, 106) This is where other philosophers object to Descartes argument. He believes that senses do not belong to the material world as they keep changing with the change in objects; or sometimes convey incorrect perception of

Examining media representation of mental disorders

Examining media representation of mental disorders In the following assignment we will discuss the way of media representation of mental disorder. Additionally, a brief description of the film Me, Myself Irene will take place in order to understand how the media misrepresent mental disorder. Furthermore, we will try show the real relationship between violence and mental disorder and thus, how accurate are media portrayals of this mental health problem. Ultimately, we will explain the impact of negative media representation on the mentally ill people and on the public. Mass media representation of mental disorder is negative and describes mentally ill people as monsters. Medias sovereign depictions of mental health problems appear to emphasize violence, dangerousness and criminality as long as Poor, unbalanced press coverage of mental health issues fuels stigma and reduces the quality of life for sufferers, says a leading charity (www.news.bbc.co.uk). This inappropriate representation causes severe stigma, moral panic, ostracism, as well as discrimination and victimization of these individuals. Me, Myself Irene, is a comedy film directed from the Farrelly brothers and was released in U.K on September 22, 2000. The plot of the movie is about one mentally ill man Charlie Baileygates who is passive and generally peaceful. He has split personality and thus his alter ego (Hank) is aggressive, foul-mouthed and violent. Charlie has been diagnosed with delusionary schizophrenia with involuntary narcissistic rage, and whenever Charlie does not take his medication, Hunk takes his place causing several problems because of his turbulent mental state. His behaviour becomes obscene as he defecates on a neighbours lawn and suckles from a strangers breast. This uncontrolled rage makes Hank to make fun of one man with albinism who explains that he killed his entire family but was released early just to make room for psychos. Both Charlie (good) and Hank (evil) try to protect Irene from a gang of corrupt cops who want her dead. Menacing Hank insults and punches nearly everyone he encounters and Irene apologises all the time for Hanks behaviour, explaining that he is a schizo. The film raised many dilemmas about its inappropriate presentation of mental health problems and lot of people argues that the film makes fun of mentally ill people and perpetuates ugly stigmas about mental illness. Me, Myself Irene is a perfect example of what the media represents about the relationship between violence and mental disorder, and as Thornicroft (2006) claims, schizophrenia is often linked to violence in films and media. This can be seen in my case example, when Hank assaults a group of people and also when starts to drown a young girl who has insulted him. The media today has become more powerful agent than it was in the past. Many support that the function of media is vital within societies as they have been acclaimed as agents of the democratic institutions and guardians of citizens rights (McQuail, 2003). Others believe that the media just represent extremity and exaggeration to earn publicity, and as Bennett (1999) claims News is the policy of hallucinations. However, it is a fact that people collect most of the information from the TV, newspapers and radio and as Thornicroft supports the majority of people gather what they know about mental illnesses either from personal experience and contact with people with such conditions, or from the mass media (Thornicroft, 2007). Media portrayals are most of the time inaccurate and sensationalized, depicting mentally ill people as different, dangerous, unpredictable and violent. According to that and what we see from the film My, Myself Irene, Hank unpredictably assaults whoever is in front of him, making strange movements and behaving abnormally (especially during the personality change from good Charlie to villain Hank). Such representations make people to misunderstand mental disorder, and this misrepresentation appears to play an active part in shaping and sustaining what mental illness means in our culture. As probably already shown, I am not a totally unbiased observer of what is happening these days. I have a point of view, based on what I have read so far (research) and on personal experience (once, I had the opportunity to have a conversation with a mentally ill friend) and what is going to be presented in this assignment convey this point of view. I strongly believe that mass media portrayals of mental disorder are in the overwhelming majority inaccurate, inappropriate, unfavourable and harmful to mentally ill people. You only have to read a newspaper, switch on the TV or go to the cinema to spot such demeaning attitudes which can affect significant undesirable consequences. Such consequences will be discussed later in another chapter. Mass media treat mental disorder as an object of ridicule, using psychiatric terminology inaccurately, and to overuse slang disrespectful terms for mental illness. For example, consider the use of Charlies diagnosis with delusionary schizophrenia with involuntary narcissistic rage. I am not an expert thus; I have had to do a research on that, just to find that, once again, misrepresentation took place and media used mental disorder as a source of humor. Britains two largest mental health charities, Mind and National Schizophrenia Fellowship, have joined with the Royal College of Psychiatrists and claim that people affected by schizophrenia dont switch from gentle to mental, as the billboard advertisements say, but are more often withdrawn. In fact, split personality is a totally different condition; it is a dissociative disorder rather than a psychotic illness. Furthermore, they argue that the behaviour portrayed in the film, has nothing whatever to do with schizophrenia (www.findart icles.com). I am a member of mass media consumer myself. I am continually entertained by the television programmes, movies and newspapers which I eagerly consume. However, this will not stop me from looking carefully and critically the media misrepresentation of mental health problems. Comedy portrayals tend to depict mental illnesses as primarily involving little more than specific oddities that the individuals manifest repetitively. This notion of mental disorder as a humorous oddity is conveyed in our movie and movies, whatever their titles, continuously find ways to present mental illnesses as laughable and ridiculous. The fact that our film has a funny plot which involve violence, mental health, beautiful girls and bad guys hunting good guys, succeeds to attract viewers attention and interest (Charlie, Hank and Irene produce fun during the film for example when Charlie is trying to make Hank go away etc). Media images are emotionally arousing, they do not only provide information, but they manipulate emotions in deliberate, skillful and effective way. Thus, I believe that it is very important to understand that movies which are not about mental illnesses, (our movie is categorized as comedy) they make viewers to merely absorb what they see, and therefore reinforce their biases and already inaccurate views, without being particularly aware that they are learning about mental illness. According to that, and as one film critic commended, Comedies may be mindless, but that does not mean it is not affecting minds (Wahl, 2003). Societys lack of knowledge, negative attitude and discriminatory behaviour is one of the central paradoxes because we live in a world in which up to half of all adults will be diagnosed with mental disorder in their lifetime. Furthermore, up to three-quarters of adult population know someone directly who has mental disorder, and yet we all act as if nobody knows anything (Thornicroft, 2006). Thus, I cannot understand why people who still feel threatened by it, allow stigma to thrive. Mental disorder misrepresentation by the media also poses significant limitations in the initiatives to normalize mental health services within the community and therefore reduce harmful stigma. According to that, many mentally ill people face prejudice and severe discrimination when happens to live next to healthy people Just because I have a mental health problem, I am now shunned, my life made even more difficult to live. Maria is a woman whose only crime is to live in an area in which a hostel for people with mental health problems is planned (Thornicroft-Shunned-2006). Publics perception of mental illness is one of fear and paranoia, bordering on mass media as they often use words such as nutter, psycho and schizo. This can be seen in the film Me, Myself Irene, when Irene used to apology for Hanks behaviour, saying that he is a schizo. These words are derogatory which should not be used. In relation to this, I have the obligation to express my opinion that a civilization should be judged by how it behaves towards mentally ill. Likewise, I believe that the well-being of a social system depends on the prosperity of the teams within this social system. Thus, any discrimination and stigma makes social system dysfunctional as a whole. Equally important to be mentioned is that during the movie, I have realized that misrepresentation of mental disorder not only took place on Charlie/Hank but there was a pervasive and persistent pattern to degrade mental disorder through Whiteys portrayal that according to the plot, have killed his entire family. As mentioned before, everyday people are learning, from everyday sources, concerning mental illnesses and it appears unfortunate that the majority of those people learn about mental illness from what they see and hear in the mass media. However, even if I believe that the mass media are not wholly to blame for negative perceptions, but every time programmes, articles or film portrays a stereotype, they fail to clear up a misunderstanding about mental disorder and thus, this helps to perpetuate the myths. In the following extract taken from the book Media madness: public images of mental illness (Wahl, 2003), there is an interesting, clear illustration of how the fearful mass media with the bold headlines tend to misrepresent mental disorder. The case is about a 30 year old woman who entered an elementary school in Winnetka, Illinois in May 1988 and shot a number of children. ..Times May 30, 1988, headline introducing the story of this tragic incident was One Lunatic, Three Guns. The event was truly tragic, and it is likely that mental illness was a contributing factor in the womans actions. Referring to the mentally ill person involved as a lunatic, however, was both unnecessary (Newsweeks article on the same incident was titled simply I Have Hurt Some Children: Nightmare in Winnetka) and inconsistent with standards applied to other groups. If the Winnetka school killing had been committed by someone in a wheelchair, it is unlikely that the Times headline would have read One Cripple, Three Guns. If the incident had involved a black woman, the headline would not have proclaimed One Nigger, Three Guns. There seems not to be the same hesitancy about using similarly disrespectful terms in referring to people with mental illnesses (www.time.com). Hence, it is obvious that the mass media tend to misrepresent mental illness with disrespectful patterns, fueling public fear and letting stigma to thrive. Stigma, in ancient Greece was bodily sign for those who were different. Stigmata were cut and burnt onto these different people (most of the time slaves) bodies to mark them as different from the rest population (http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk). Nowadays, mentally ill people are no longer physically mutilated, but still depreciation and hostile attitudes towards them can be just as hurtful to them. Individuals with mental health problems are stereotyped and stigmatized through the media as mad and violent, and thus this stigma causes serious obstacles in their life. Shame, blame and secrecy are taking place as they are the black sheep of the family. Mentally ill people experience severe stigma, discrimination, social exclusion and thus, isolation. Media represents mentally disordered as individuals dangerous to the public, strange and unpredictable like Hank (after all, who would want to live next to somebody who parks a car inside a shop and fights a cow?). But, the relationship between violence and mental disorder is not what the mass media simply represents. It is a complex matter that needs further consideration and critical thinking. Thus, in the following paragraphs we will try to understand what the real relationship is. Having said that the representation of a phenomenon by the media reflect the frame in which a phenomenon is socially placed, it is considered essential at this point to mention that it is much more likely for people to become victimized from healthy offenders than becoming a victim from a mentally disordered individual. The depiction of the mentally ill individual as violent, unanticipated, dangerous and potential criminal appears to be extremely popular in the medias interest. Furthermore, in the connection between mental illness and violence, schizophrenia possesses a prominent place, mainly because of its complexity. According to this, researches in Great Britain shows that the frame of violence outclasses against other approaches in proportion 4:1 and the individuals with mental illness almost always are presented with negative way, as violent, murderers or rapists, or, in the better case, as objects of sneer (Wahl, 2003). Additionally, and as empirical evidence show us, actually, the percentage of crimes of violence that has been committed by individuals with mental disturbance does not abstain perceptibly from what is attributed to the general population (Eronen et al., 1996), and the majority of acts of violence that are committed by mental patients are located in cases of incomplete therapeutic confrontation or even parallel use of substances (Swanson, 1997). However, this study, and most of the studies conducted until recently, have focused on the rates of violence among people with mental disorder, based on those who were hospitalized (inpatients) or on rates of mentally ill which were arrested, convicted or incarcerated for violent crimes. For example, one national survey showed that the lifetime risk of schizophrenia was 5% among people convicted for homicide, a prevalence that is much higher than any published rate of schizophrenia in the general population (suggesting the relationship between schizophrenia and homicide). (http://content.nejm.org). These studies, however, have many limitations as they only refer to individuals who were arrested, hospitalized or incarcerated which are by definition more likely to be violent or very ill and thus are not accurate representative of mentally ill in the general population. However, according to a study conducted by NIMH Epidemiology Catchment Area it was found that mentally ill patients suffering from serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression were two to three times as likely as healthy people to be assaultive. At this point it is very important to mention that not all mental illnesses are linked to violence. For example, anxiety disorders do not increase the risk of violence. However, although the overwhelming majority of mentally ill with major depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder do not produce criminal behaviour, the presence of such disorders is significantly linked to an increased risk of violence. Furthermore, this study which had representative sample of 17.803 subjects, showed that people with no mental health problems who abuse alcohol and drugs are seven times as likely to report a violent behaviour as those without substance abuse whereas, mentally ill with substance abuse compounds the increased risk of violence (alcohol and substance abuse far outweigh mental disorder in contributing violence) (http://content.nejm.org). I am aware of the fact that the link between violence and mental disorder is not that strong. It is a controversial subject and hence, I believe that whether or not, mentally ill are more likely than others to engage in violent behaviour, the subject is not an idle and needs further consideration. Thus, the public should not losing sight that most people who are violent are not mentally ill, and most people who are mentally ill are not violent. A look at the broader picture is essential, thus even though the media represents dramatic statistics in order to underscore their cases, mass media consumers should know that serious mental illness is quite rare and actually contributes little to the overall rate of violence in the general population. Furthermore, it is crucial for us to understand that, most of people who are violent do not suffer from mental illnesses. More specifically, mentally ill are more likely to be the victims, rather than the perpetrators of violence current research shows that people with major mental illness are 2.5 times more likely to be the victims of violence than other members of society (http://www.cmha.ca). Moreover, a 1996 Health Canada review of scientific articles found that the strongest predictor of violence and criminal behaviour is not major to mental illness, but past history of violence and criminality (http://www.cmha.ca). To conclude, and as mentioned before, mental disorder plays no part in the majority of violent crimes committed in our society. However, mentally ill people who live in a stressful, unpredictable environment with little family or community support may be at risk high risk of becoming violent (in relation to our case, Charlie/Hank was away from his family and chased across the country by corrupt cops). However, mental disorder misrepresentation by the media continues and it is not hard to understand why. Pamela Kalbfleisch claims, that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nothing sells like an insane, unpredictable, undetected, glory killer on the loose who has caused a great deal of pain and anguish to the friends and relatives of the victim (Wahl, 2003). To the question why are people with mental disorder depicted consistently from the media in such inaccurate and inappropriate way (dangerous, different) the answer would be for profit. There is no question that mass media selection of what to present to the public is based on financial factors). Mass media operate for profit and wants to fulfill the publics thirst and excitement for violence related to mental disorder, and thus should present what the public will buy. Hence, it was considered essential for the films trailer to show Charlie explaining that he suffers from delusionary schizophrenia with involuntary narcissistic rage so that, attract viewers attention. Nevertheless, mental disorder produces profits (the film grossed $83 million in the USA according to The Guardian, July 28, 2000), (http://pb.rcpsych.org). Phenomena that are dramatic and puzzling have always been attractive to the public. Thus, what is more buy-able than a funny and unpredicted character acting like mad. Mental illness is therefore, transformed into madness, and madness related to fun is even more fascinating. Media representation of serious mental disorder, challenge publics appetite for arousal and excitement as stories about violent crime linked to mental illness provide titillation. However, the most important thing during the movie is that there was an inappropriate and inaccurate depiction that whenever a mentally ill individual does not take the medication becomes villain (Hank wanted to fight a 10-year-old boy, he vanished a cow, almost drowned a young girl). Thus, this misrepresentation contains an explicit message that the public needs vigilant protection from mental patients. Consequently, when viewers see such misrepresentation of mental disorder taking place, they become fearful that those different people are highly likely to cause physical harm to other people. In other words, this pervasive portray of mentally ill as violent and extremely dangerous, will only lead media consumers to a general belief that mentally ill individuals will attack and therefore harm their community. Such belief will, in turn, create moral panic, and fear in the presence of mentally ill. After all, and as previously expressed, who would feel safe next to somebody who parks a car inside a shop? According to this, and as many believe that homelessness is closely related to mental disorder, moral panic lead to a random attack on a homeless man with schizophrenia in Toronto June 4, 2000 Fillmore was attacked as he lay sleeping in a bus shelter last June: he was stabbed and bled to death (http://pb.rcpsych.org). Just imagine that once patients leave psychiatric hospitals and therefore eager for support and acceptance, are instead treated with suspicion and fear. This misrepresentation will fuel panic and increase the prejudice and fear, and will make people to cross the street or exit buses or move away when they happen to be next of mentally ill. Moreover, it is highly likely that people who are persuaded by the media to ignore and fear of mentally ill, to become mentally ill. This, in turn, will lead them to self-loathing as they now know that they have become violent, dangerous, and different and so forth. Moreover, mentally ill are bombarded with unfavourable information about them and therefore perceived as threat (self-stigma) and thus, these attitudes towards them have devastating effect on their relationships, employment, housing and social functioning. The discrimination and stigma, excludes them from any social activity and the issue of employment as well (http://bjp.rcpsych.org). According to this, I believe that the most important step to recovery is to work, because of employment offers a social network, route out of poverty. To conclude, I would like to mention that it is very sad when viewers (including myself) see the way films and mass media in general, portray people with mental disorder as if there is not anyone who is positive. But I guess, non aggressive mentally ill do not sell. It is also very inappropriate the fact that the mass media misrepresent mentally ill people and portray them as monsters who want to harm us. Additionally, I have concluded that the mass media inaccurately present the relationship between mental disorder and violence. Furthermore, I found that the mass media fuel public fear by generalizing all mental illnesses and stereotyping its patients. I also found that the impact of stigma and the discrimination against mentally ill is both common and severe. Ultimately, I suggest that all the incorrect beliefs of previous generations should not be passing on to new. The stigmatizing and discriminating attitudes towards mentally ill people have been going on for a long time and it is time to stop as I am a believer that the way our society behaves the mentally ill, is not only an issue of mental health care but human rights issue. According to this, I would like to conclude with the following words written by a relative of one mentally ill patient. For me stigma means fear, resulting in a lack of confidence. Stigma is loss, resulting in unresolved mourning issues. Stigma is not having access to resources Stigma is being invisible or being reviled, resulting in conflict. Stigma is lowered family esteem and intense shame, resulting in decreased self-worth. Stigma is secrecy Stigma is anger, resulting in distance. Most importantly, stigma is hopelessness, resulting in helplessness. (http://apt.rcpsych.org). .

Plasma: The Power of the Sun :: physics science plasma fusion energy

As we enter the 21st century the average human's life is dictated by the production and quantity of energy. This energy is produced in many different forms, from fossil fuel to hydro and solar power. Though this production of energy has sufficed up till now, a realization has occurred that the depletion of our current sources is imminent. As a result of this energy crisis, a race to find an alternative energy supply has been put forth. Through plasma fusion's nearly inexhaustible supply of fuel, its lack of greenhouse gases and the amazing spin-off technologies that have developed through plasma research, it is the answer to the current energy crises. Fusion To understand the technology behind plasma fusion, fusion itself must be understood. Fusion is the combining of two or more atoms of low mass, which are initially attracted to each other, to form one atom of greater mass. When two atoms combine to form a single atom, they have fused. This fusing releases a large amount of energy with respect to the amount of mass and energy that was initially put into the reaction. This combination releases energy in the form of light and heat. Energy is created in a fusion reaction through the loss of atomic mass from the beginning to the end of the reaction. The mass of the two atoms is significantly more than the mass of the new atom, which they fused together to form. This loss of mass is subsequently converted into pure energy in the form of light and heat. The reason for this amazing discovery is that mass is just a concentrated form of energy. This understanding between the relationship of mass and energy was discovered by Albert Einstein and illustrated in his famous equation E=mc^2, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light. Through this equation the amount of energy held within a mass can be determined. In a plasma fusion reaction between two hydrogen atoms the decrease in mass is about 4x10^-29 kg. This mass is then converted to energy, equaling 23.9 MeV. "To appreciate the magnitude of this result note that if 1g of [hydrogen] is converted to helium, the energy released†¦ would be worth abou t $70,000" (Physics for scientist and Engineers 1276). Fission In a fission event an example of a reaction at an atomic level is an (A)tomic-bomb. The A-bomb harnesses the power of an atom through an uncontrolled reaction.

Community policing and Traditional policing Essay

History reveals that crime an awful act that people would not like to be a victim of. Police, therefore, play a significant role in ensuring that crime rates are reduced. Community policing and traditional policing are important aspects when it comes to issues of security and dealing with criminals (Kappeler & Gaines, 201, p. 89). Community policing requires that approaches to serious crimes be done in creative and innovative ways to ensure that there is long-term improvement in terms of security. In community policing, all crimes are treated as serious social problems and are dealt with accordingly. This kind of policing is not concerned about eradicating crime. Furthermore, the number of arrests or the crime rates is not the measure of success (Kappeler & Gaines, 201, p. 89). Community policing is concerned about ensuring that society provides opportunities for people to engage in meaningful business. Young people are often targeted because they are prone to becoming victims. Therefore, this is aimed at ensuring that future crimes rates reduce. On the other hand, traditional policing dictates rules and law to the public but are not on the ground to work with the community. They ensure that they respond quickly in case of a crime and this is a measure of their success. They also focus on identification of criminals, apprehending and prosecuting them. Traditional policing apprehends the criminals using the evidence that is collected at the crime scene. Both community and traditional policing complement each other. Community policing is aimed at ensuring that crimes rates are reduced through engaging the society to enter into gainful employment. Their work is to ensure that people live well with one another, while traditional policing is able to come in and assist in areas where crimes have been done by gathering evidence to assist them to apprehend criminals and take them to court to answer charges. The strategy of community policing is a design that may displace traditional policing. The role of the community policing is to ensure that there is law  and order and to deter any criminal activities from happening. Further, community policing is aimed at ensuring that people engage in constructive work. This strategy is aimed at reducing the rates of crimes hence slowly doing away with the traditional policing. Once the rate of crime reduces, traditional policing will have no role to play. Community policing strategy is constructed to help in creating organizational ethical behaviors. Ethics helps an organization to engage in activities that are in tandem with the moral obligation and the expectations of the society (Ortmeier & Meese, 2009, p. 254). Community policing is a force that does not cause anxiety in the community, but perform their duties diligently by relating well with the members of the community. Therefore, they assist the community members especially the youths with ideas and this makes them shun away from involvement in criminal activities. The major role of community policing is to ensure that society upholds to positive behaviors and moral standards. It helps to foster moral behaviors among the people. People should be able to live well with others and also show respect. Community policing is not concerned about the number of arrests they make but the magnitude at which they are able to change and transform the society into a better society. Therefore, this policing organization is built and performs its functions based on ethical standards. References: Gaines, L.. Kappeler, V. (2001). Policing in America (p. 640). Anderson Publishing. Ortmeier, PJ and Edwin Meese (2010). Leadership, Ethics and Policing; 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

How Does ACT Superscoring Affect Your Test Strategy

How Does ACT Superscoring Affect Your Test Strategy SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many colleges now use Superscoring for ACT scores as well as SAT scores. It’s important to know whether the schools where you’re planning to apply use Superscoring and how you can take advantage of this policy to demonstrate your best performance on the ACT. In this article I’ll give a brief overview of Superscoring and tell you what it means for you in terms of your testing plan. What is ACT Superscoring? ACT Superscoring is when colleges calculate your highest possible composite ACT score based on subscores from several different tests.They will take your highest ever score from each section and then average those scores together to arrive at a new composite score that represents your best performance. This chart shows how it might work across three test dates: English Math Reading Science Composite Test 1 30 28 31 20 27 Test 2 32 25 30 28 29 Test 3 29 23 35 25 28 Superscore 32 28 35 28 31 As you can see, this student’s composite Superscore was higher than any of the composite ACT scores for individual test dates because Superscoring combined all of the highest subscores. Superscoring benefits colleges because it puts them higher up in the rankings in terms of average scores of their admitted students.It also benefits you! If you do poorly on a section on one test date, it won’t affect you with colleges who use Superscoring, as long as you get a higher score for that section on another test date. Check the websites for the colleges where you plan on applying to see if they use Superscoring for the ACT, or take a look at this list that we’ve compiled of Superscoring schools. There are now nearly 100 schools that superscore the ACT! What Does This Mean for You? Superscoring should affect your studying strategy and registration timing for the ACT. Here are a couple of pieces of advice that you should follow if the colleges where you're planning on applying use Superscoring. Start Testing Early Superscoring means that you should definitely plan to take the ACT for the first time early in your junior year so that you can have enough time to improve your scores.If you don’t do as well on the first test, it will give you the opportunity to learn from your mistakes, and those lower scores won’t count in the long run after you take the test again. If you score very well on one section but don’t do well on one or two other sections, that means that you can focus your studying for future tests on your weak sections and not worry too much about the section you aced.Colleges will still incorporate the first score into your Superscore if it’s the best one you ever end up getting for the section. Take a look at these ACT test dates for the upcoming fall if you’re heading into your junior year so you can plan ahead. Take the ACT More than Once As a follow-up to the previous point, Superscoring definitely means you should plan on taking the ACT more than once (unless you reach your target score on the first try!). Taking the test two or three times means that you are likely to improve at least some of your subscores from test to test, especially if you put significant time into studying between test dates.Even if you manage to improve just one of your scores, that higher number is the one that will count for your Superscore. Practice Focused Studying This is probably the most essential takeaway from Superscoring.If you take the ACT and are unsatisfied with one or two of your section scores, you can direct all of your energy towards studying for those subject areas on future tests.Once you get a section score that you are happy with, you won’t have to worry about that part of the test in the future because that score (or potentially an even higher one) will become a part of your Superscore no matter what happens on the next test. The really great thing about Superscoring is that it means you can focus completely on improving weaker section scores and not worry about preventing already great section scores from decreasing. This book smells amazing. And I'm learning so much. Don’t Get Stressed! You should always take each test date seriously (you paid to register, after all), but Superscoring can take away a lot of unnecessary anxiety.Doing poorly on one test doesn’t mean you won't get into your top choice school. If you completely screw up a section of the test on one date but do well on another section, that’s also ok. With Superscoring, that one high subsection score means the time you spent taking the test was still worthwhile, and you can work on doing better on the section you bombed next time! Overview Superscoring for the ACT means that schools will calculate your best composite score by averaging all of your highest subscores across the tests you send them.Superscoring is great for you and for colleges because it reduces stress, lets you show your best possible scores, and allows schools to rise in the rankings in terms of average test scores. If you’re applying to schools that Superscore the ACT, you should: Start testing early Take the test more than once Practice focused studying Not freak out! Follow all of this advice, and you’ll be on your way to a SUPER Superscore! What's Next? Want more details about how exactly the ACT is scored? Read this articlefor an in-depth description. If you're not sure whether you should take the ACT again, take a look at this guide to help you decide. If you're trying to figure out when to take the ACT, read our guide to figure out the best test date for your circumstances.

History and Evolution of the Smart Pill

History and Evolution of the Smart Pill The name of smart pill now refers to any pill that can deliver or control its delivery of medicine without the patient having to take action beyond the initial swallow. The phrase smart pill became popular after the computer controlled medical device was patented by Jerome Schentag and David DAndrea, and named one of the top inventions of 1992 by Popular Science magazine. However, now the name has become generic and many companies are using the name smart pill.   History of the Smart Pill Jerome Schentag, professor of pharmaceutic science at the University of Buffalo, invented the computer-controlled smart pill, which can be electronically tracked and instructed to deliver a drug to a predetermined location in the gastrointestinal tract. David DAndrea was the co-inventor. UB reporter Ellen Goldbaum describes the smart pill as a combination of microminiature electronics, mechanical and software engineering, and pharmaceutical sciences. This capsule represents a significant advance in medical technology, said DAndrea to UB reporters, With the Smart Pill, we have been able to miniaturize a complex electronic system and put it into a capsule about one inch long. Youre not just taking a pill, youre swallowing the instrument. David DAndrea is the president and chief executive officer of Gastrotarget, Inc. the manufacturers of the Smart Pill. Jerome Schentag is the companys vice president of research and development. DAndrea is also the director of Millard Fillmore Hospitals Engineering and Devices Laboratory.

The pathology of multiple sclerosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The pathology of multiple sclerosis - Essay Example In short, the bodies of the patients under the attack of MS will face multiple problems originating from the less control of brain over the nerve system. When human brain face difficulty to co-ordinate its functions and control over the nerve system, the patient will be forced to face a number of problems. For instance, the patient may feel that his or her sensitivity is lost. Olek (2007, p.28) states that, â€Å"Impairment of facial sensation, subjective or objective, is a relatively common finding in MS†. Besides, the patient may feel acute pain while trying to move from one place to another. On the other side, the patient is exposed to emotional problems originating from physical problems related to MS. In addition, fatigue, muscle spasms, etc are other symptoms related to this disease in general. To be specific, there is no accurate treatment for this disease. Still, there as so many modes of treatment or therapies, claiming partial recovery. For instance, methylprednisolone is used during the attack of MS, but the same does not prove as an effective medication for long-term recovery. Besides, most of the treatment modes prove to have side-effects in general. So, alternative treatment modes are popular among the patients who face MS. The main researches based upon MS include the ways to tackle this disease with effective medical treatment without severe side-effects. Some researchers try to combine more than one medicine to tackle this disease. On the other side, the development in the field of stem cell therapy is filling the minds of the MS patients with hope. So, future may prove the efficiency of scientific research by helping the patients to be free from

Tylenol Recall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tylenol Recall - Research Paper Example and Drug Administration regulator supervised the removal of five Tylenol products from the shelves after consumers complained that Tylenol bottles had a moldy like odor. Some of the consumers reported experiencing stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting after taking pills from those packages. (fda.gov). On that same year, the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulator issued a press release statement expanding the recall that included all Tylenol arthritis pain drugs. According to the ABC news network, a further 54 million bottles and packages of pills were pulled from the shelves across the country that year. To the consumers, the Tylenol recall came as a relief especially since they had complained a year earlier about the products’ packaging (abcnews.go.com). On one of the news report aired on the ABC news network, the complaints are reported to have started back in the year 2008 but it is only after the FDA intervened that Johnson and Johnson reacted extensively. The following year, there was a massive voluntary recall by Johnson & Johnson Company under the FDA supervision. The recall saw McNeil consumer Healthcare, a child company of Johnson and Johnson, take actions to compensate its customers. According to the FDA press statement, a consumer who had purchased Tylenol arthritis pain medicine were requested to stop taking the pills and seek either refunds or replacement from the company. After pulling millions of bottles from the shelves , the government began a series of criminal investigations. In a federal court case in Philadelphia dated 10th march, 2015, McNeil settled for a criminal fine of 20 million dollars following an incidence that dates back to 1st May, 2009. A consumer had reported finding foreign materials in an infant Tylenol medication. Investigations later confirmed the materials to be harmful. Many of the widely products were pulled from the shelves affecting its millions of users. For example, Tylenol arthritis medicine was one the